Types of Solution

In a solution, components may be solid, liquid, or gas. On this basis, solutions can be divided into the following three types –

• Gaseous solution
• Liquid solution
• Solid solution

Gasesous Solution

Solutions in which solvent is present in a gaseous state are called gaseous solutions. Gaseous solutions can be divided into the following three types on the basis of phases of solute and solvent.

• Gas – Gas Solution
• Liquid-Gas Solution
• Solid – Gas Solution

Gas – Gas Solution — Example of Gas to Gas Solution

Solutions in which solute and solvent both are gases; are called Gas-gas Solutions. For example – solution (mixture) of nitrogen and oxygen, solution (mixture) of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, solution (mixture) of carbon dioxide and oxygen, etc.

Liquid Gas Solution

Solutions, in which the solute is in a liquid state and the solvent is in a gaseous state, are called Liquid-Gas Solutions. For example – a solution (mixture) of chloroform in nitrogen gas.

Solid Gas Solution

Solutions, in which the solute is in a solid state and the solvent is in a gaseous state, are called Solid-Gas Solutions. For example – A solution (mixture) of camphor in nitrogen gas.

Liquid Solution:

Solutions, in which solvent is present in a liquid state, are called Liquid solutions. Liquid solutions can be classified into the following three types –

• Gas – Liquid Solution
• Liquid – Liquid Solution
• Solid-Liquid Solution

Gas – Liquid Solution — Gas Liquid Solution Example

Solutions having solute in a gaseous state and solvent in a liquid state, are called Gas – Liquid Solutions. For example – A solution (mixture) of oxygen in water, and a mixture of carbon dioxide in water. Coca-cola, a beverage, is an example of a gas-liquid solution, as it has carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

Liquid – Liquid Solution

Solutions, in which solute and solvent both are present in the liquid state, are called liquid solutions. For example – In a vinegar solution, vinegar is a mixture of ethanoic acid and water. Solution of ethanol in water, etc.

Solid – Liquid — Solid Liquid Solution Example

Solutions, in which solutes are present in a solid state and solvent is in a liquid state, are called solid-liquid solutions. For example – A solution of salt in water, a solution of glucose in water, etc.

Solid Solution

Solutions having solvents in the solid state are called solid solutions. The solid solution can be divided into the following three categories:

• Gas – Solid Solution
• Liquid – Solid Solution
• Solid – Solid Solution

Gas – Solid Solution

Solutions having solvents in a solid state and solutes in a gaseous state are called gas-solid solutions. Example – solution of hydrogen in palladium.

Liquid – Solid Solution

Solutions having solvents in a solid state and solutes in a liquid state are called liquid-solid solutions. For example amalgam of mercury with sodium.

Solid – solid solution

Solutions having solvent and solute both in the solid state are called solid–solid solutions. Example – Solution of gold and copper.

President Barack Obama’s decision in 2010 to install White House solar panels pleased environmentalists. But he wasn’t the first president to take advantage of alternative forms of energy atop the living quarters at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.

The first solar panels were placed on the White House more than 30 years earlier by Jimmy Carter (and removed by the very next administration.) George W. Bush installed a system on the grounds, but they weren’t technically on the White House roof itself.

1979 – Carter Installs First Solar Panels

President Jimmy Carter installed 32 solar panels on the presidential mansion amid the Arab oil embargo, which had caused a national energy crisis.

The Democratic president called for a campaign to conservative energy and, to set an example to the American people, ordered the solar panels erected in 1979, according to the White House Historical Association.

Carter predicted that

“a generation from now, this solar heater can either be a curiosity, a museum piece, an example of a road not taken, or it can be a small part of one of the greatest and most exciting adventures ever undertaken by the American people; harnessing the power of the Sun to enrich our lives as we move away from our crippling dependence on foreign oil.”

Their installation was seen largely as symbolic, though they did heat some water for the White House laundry and cafeteria.

1981 –Reagan Orders Solar Panels Removed

President Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, and the solar panels were removed during his administration. It was clear Reagan had a completely different take on energy consumption.

Author Natalie Goldstein wrote in Global Warming:

“Reagan’s political philosophy viewed the free market as the best arbiter of what was good for the country. Corporate self-interest, he felt, would steer the country in the right direction.”

George Charles Szego, the engineer who persuaded Carter to install the solar panels, reportedly claimed that Reagan’s Chief of Staff Donald T. Regan “felt that the equipment was just a joke, and he had it taken down.” The panels were removed in 1986 when work was being done on the White House roof below the panels. 

Though some claims were made that the only reason the panels were not reinstalled was because of cost concerns, the Reagan administration’s opposition to renewable energy was clear: It had drastically cut the Energy Department’s funding for research and development in that area, and Reagan had called out Carter on the issue during presidential debates.

Answer

5.The statement like 19700 kw hours of electricity a year, Carters view on solar panels for the American people and it can save $2300 on annual electricity bill are non biased as it is provided in the description 

President Barack Obama was not the first president to install it but he reinstalled it. This statement can form a bias 

Ans:In 2010 Barack Obama decided to install the solar panels on the White House as the part of his administration ‘s focus on environmental issues 

6.He announced his views in the campaign 

It didn’t make him non popular among people 

His views were differeny than other president of his time but it was similar to the views President Barack Obama too

It will reduce the imports from foreign countries 

Ans:President Carter’s conservation efforts significantly reduced energy waste in America . 

The given reaction involves the organic compound CH3CH2(C=O)OOH reacting with Br2, PBr3, and H3O+.

Based on the reagents, it appears that the reaction involves the conversion of the carbonyl group (C=O) into a different functional group. The reagents used suggest that the reaction is a halogenation and subsequent substitution reaction.

The major organic product from this reaction would be the substitution of the carbonyl oxygen with a bromine atom (Br). This would result in the formation of an alkyl bromide.

The specific product would be CH3CH2(C=O)Br, which is an alkyl bromide derivative of the original compound CH3CH2(C=O)OOH.

Answer

This element has 5 electrons in its valence shell. It means it must be having outermost configuration as ns2 np3 which makes a total of 5 valence electrons. This element belongs to nitrogen family. Therefore the group number of this element is 15.

Group is vertical column while period is horizontal column. 

The valence shell refers to the outermost electron shell of an atom. It is the highest energy level in an atom and contains the electrons involved in chemical bonding and interactions with other atoms.

The number of electrons in the valence shell determines the chemical properties of an atom and how it interacts with other atoms to form chemical bonds. The valence electrons are responsible for the formation of chemical bonds, including covalent bonds (sharing of electrons) or ionic bonds (transfer of electrons).

The valence shell is significant because it determines the atom’s ability to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically by filling or emptying the valence shell. Atoms tend to be more stable and chemically inert when their valence shell is full, following the octet rule for many elements.

Group Number

The group number refers to the position of an element in the periodic table. It is also known as the “family” or “group” of elements. The group number indicates the number of valence electrons an element has in its outermost shell or energy level.

The modern periodic table is organized into numbered groups or columns. There are 18 groups in total, labeled from 1 to 18. Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.

• Group 1 (Alkali Metals): Elements in this group have one valence electron and are highly reactive. They are soft metals and are known for their ability to form strong ionic bonds.
• Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals): Elements in this group have two valence electrons and are also quite reactive, but less so than alkali metals. They are also metals and have higher melting and boiling points than alkali metals.
• Group 17 (Halogens): Elements in this group have seven valence electrons and are highly reactive nonmetals. They easily form compounds with elements from other groups, especially alkali metals.
• Group 18 (Noble Gases): Elements in this group have a full valence shell of electrons (usually eight), making them chemically stable and nonreactive. They are called noble gases and are known for their low reactivity.

How to Calculate Group Number?

The group number of an element can be determined based on its electron configuration. To calculate the group number, you need to identify the number of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost energy level (valence shell) of the atom.

• Identify the element you want to determine the group number for.
• Find the electron configuration of the element. The electron configuration describes how the electrons are distributed in different energy levels or shells around the nucleus of the atom. For example, the electron configuration of oxygen (O) is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4.
• Determine the highest principal quantum number (n) in the electron configuration. The principal quantum number indicates the energy level or shell of the outermost electrons. In the case of oxygen, the highest n value is 2, indicating that the valence electrons are in the second energy level.
• Identify the number of valence electrons. The valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level (valence shell). For elements in the s- and p-blocks of the periodic table (groups 1-2 and 13-18), the number of valence electrons corresponds to the group number. For example, oxygen has six valence electrons (2s^2 2p^4 configuration), so its group number is 6.

It’s important to note that for transition metals (groups 3-12), the determination of the group number is more complex due to the involvement of inner electron shells in bonding. In such cases, the group number may not directly correspond to the number of valence electrons.

By considering the electron configuration and identifying the valence electrons, you can calculate the group number of an element in most cases.

The correct answers are 

r represents the sample correlation coefficient

p represents the population correlation coefficient 

A correlation coefficient of 1 is a perfect positive correlation 

A correlation coefficient of -1 is a perfect negative correlation

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates the variables do not have any direct relationship

Sample Correlation Coefficient (r):

• The sample correlation coefficient (r) is a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables in a sample of data.
• It ranges between -1 and +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, +1 indicates a perfect positive linear association, and 0 shows no linear relationship.
• The closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear relationship between the variables.
• The sign of r (+ or -) indicates the direction of the relationship: positive (direct) or negative (inverse).
• The sample correlation coefficient is used to estimate the population correlation coefficient (ρ).

Population Correlation Coefficient (ρ):

• The population correlation coefficient (ρ), also known as the population parameter, represents the true correlation between two variables in the entire population.
• It is a fixed value that remains constant, assuming the population does not change.
• Since we typically don’t have access to the entire population, we estimate ρ using the sample correlation coefficient (r).
• The sample correlation coefficient (r) is considered an unbiased estimator of the population correlation coefficient (ρ) when the sample is representative of the population.